Indoor cats need a cat-friendly environment with features that support their mental and physical health. Many behavioral and medical problems of cats, including fighting and urinary tract blockage, are linked to stress and anxiety. Environmental enrichment reduces stress for indoor cats, making them happier and healthier.
 
Cats are inquisitive animals that need to be able to do cat things like hunt and scratch. (Animal welfare experts call this the ability to express normal species-specific behaviors.) By nature, cats are predators who hunt alone. Pet cats who lounge all day on the sofa have the same solitary hunting instinct as their wild counterparts.
 
Here’s how to make sure your home meets your cat’s environmental needs. These five features are from the Feline Veterinary Medical Association’s 2025 position statement on meeting the needs of indoor cats:

• A safe place
• Multiple, separated key resources
• Opportunities for play and predatory behavior
• Positive, consistent human-cat interaction
• An environment that respects the cat’s sense of smell

 
A Safe Place
Each cat in the household needs a personal retreat, somewhere to rest and feel protected. Examples are cat perches, cardboard boxes, and cat carriers. The home should have at least one retreat per cat, spaced far enough apart that cats don’t have to interact with each other if they don’t want to. A retreat should be sized to fit only one cat and should have more than one entrance/exit so the cat doesn’t feel trapped. Cats tend to prefer retreats that have sides and are raised off the ground.
 
Multiple, Separated Key Resources
Key resources for cats are food, water, litter boxes, scratching posts/pads, play areas, and sleeping areas. The home should have enough of these resources for every cat, separated so that each cat has free access without having to compete with other cats. For litter boxes, the usual recommendation is to have more than one litter box per cat (for example, three litter boxes for two cats) and to scoop them out daily. Cats need to have safe access to these resources without being blocked by dogs or other hazards. Cats with mobility limitations might need steps, ramps, and litter boxes with side cutouts for easy access.
 
Opportunities for Play and Predatory Behavior
Play with your cat using interactive toys that simulate prey behavior. Examples are toy mice pulled across the floor, flirt poles like feathers on a wand, balls to chase in a (dry!) bathtub, and food puzzles. Let your cat catch the “prey” sometimes to avoid frustration. Be safe: avoid loose strings that your cat might swallow, use objects and not your hands to avoid being bitten, and never aim a laser pointer toward any animal’s or person’s eyes.
 
Positive, Consistent Human-Cat Interaction
For a cat, “positive human-cat interaction” means the cat gets to decide how much and what kind of interaction to have. Some cats are cuddle bugs and love being petted; others would rather stay in their own space. Respect your cat’s preferences for human contact and be sure everybody in the home, including visitors, knows not to force interaction if your cat doesn’t want it. Side note: a change in this behavior can be caused by pain or other medical problems. Contact your veterinarian if your cat has started avoiding petting or is hiding more than usual.
 
Environment That Respects the Cat’s Sense of Smell
Cats mark their territory with scent by rubbing their face and body on objects. They are also sensitive to odors. Don’t clean your cat’s scent off of marked areas, especially if you are bringing in a new cat or if there are other changes to the household environment. Scented cleaners, cat litter, and candles can be sources of stress for some cats (and might also worsen asthma signs for the many cats with this condition).
 
For more information

• Indoor Pet Initiative, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine: https://indoorpet.osu.edu/cats
• Your Cat’s Environmental Needs, Feline Veterinary Medical Association (PDF): https://catfriendly.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/FelineVMA-Environmental-Needs_Web.pdf

 
Image source: https://unsplash.com/photos/a-cat-on-a-leash-0mg7-DHCHuo

Dogs are full of curiosity, energy, and the desire to engage with the world around them. Enrichment and activities are crucial for a dog's well-being and memory capabilities, preventing boredom and promoting both mental and physical stimulation. With the right guidance and enrichment, you’ll not only meet their needs—you’ll deepen the bond between you.

How do you know your dog needs more enrichment?
There are many ways dogs can alert us that they need more enrichment in their lives. Some of the most common ways are excessive barking, chewing on inappropriate objects, digging, restlessness, or even zoomies. If you feel your dog exhibits these behaviors often, you may need to consider adding in some more or different types of enrichment!

What is enrichment?
Most dog owners are familiar with physical enrichment - taking your dog for a walk, playing fetch in the yard, etc. But enrichment can be so many more things! Enrichment is any activity that encourages your dog to use its senses, explore, problem-solve, or engage in a physical activity. We will explore different types of enrichment below.

• Physical Enrichment - Physical enrichment is the most common form of enrichment – exercise. Exercise keeps your dog healthy and helps to prevent behavior issues. This includes daily walks or runs, off-leash play (in a secure area), agility games or obstacle courses, fetch, tug-of-war, etc.
• Mental Enrichment - Mental enrichment helps to work your dog's mind and other senses. This type of enrichment can tire your dog just as much as physical exercise, sometimes more! This includes puzzle or food toys, training new tricks or practicing basic commands, or playing games.
• Social Enrichment (if appropriate for your dog’s temperament) - Social enrichment can be great for dogs that do well in social environments. This allows them to interact with other dogs and people and to experience new environments. This can include dog parks or daycare, supervised playdates, or visiting a new location (brewery, new park, SniffSpot, etc). Not every dog does well in every environment or setting! It is important to know your dog’s personality and not put them into an environment or situation that will stress them out too much!
• Occupational Enrichment - Some dog breeds need jobs or tasks to help focus their energy. As dog owners, we can help mimic these jobs with games and training. This includes practicing basic obedience training, playing scent detection games, or classes for higher level skills such as Canine Good Citizen, Rally, Agility, or Scent trials.

How can this be applied to your dog’s daily life?
Now that you know the different types of enrichment, you can start to include these in your dog’s daily routine. There are so many different ideas and activities to try, it can be a bit overwhelming to know where to begin. Remember, every dog has its own personality so start by implementing enrichment activities that you know your dog will engage with. For example: if your dog is very food motivated, consider adding food puzzle toys occasionally or using these to feed whole meals.
Below are a variety of enrichment ideas to get you and your dog started:

• Food or puzzle toys – These help to encourage playing, problem solving, and independence from your dog. You can feed a small snack, treats, or even a whole meal from these toys! My favorite options are Kongs, snuffle mats, and a variety of treat-dispensing toys. These can be found at most pet stores or even Amazon. 
• Toy rotation – Consider swapping out or rotating your dog's toys regularly. This helps to break up their routine and add some variety to their play time. Make sure to include toys that are different textures or make different sounds!
• Sniff walks – Take a long slow walk (consider a new place for added enrichment), allowing your dog to walk at their own pace and sniff everything at their leisure. This helps to engage their olfactory and visual senses.
• Hide n Seek or Scent games – Keep your dog restrained in one area of the house and rub a good smelling treat or food item around the house before hiding it. Then, take your dog to the start of the scent and encourage them to search or find it.
• Dog TV – Consider leaving your TV on a science or nature channel or put your dog’s bed near a window (as long as they are not reactive to outside stimuli!). If you are able, you can even place a bird feeder outside the window.
• Training – Consider enrolling your dog in a training class. This can be a review of obedience training or to learn a new skill such as Rally, Agility, Barn Hunt, Scent Trials, or Canine Good Citizen training. Classes are a good way to expose your dog to a new setting/environment, interact with new people and dogs, and can be a great bonding experience for you and your dog! You can also practice basic commands or consider teaching a new trick to your dog at home. Opt for short frequent training sessions (10-15 minutes) to avoid frustration or making your dog feel overwhelmed.

​Whether you have a young, energetic dog or an older, senior dog, all dogs will benefit from daily physical and mental stimulation. When you focus on meeting your dog’s natural needs through intentional enrichment, you support their mental and physical health, strengthen your bond, and create a happier, more confident dog. Dog enrichment doesn’t have to be overwhelming or time-consuming. The best enrichment plan is one that works for you and your dog. Getting started is sometimes the hardest part, but once you create a balanced routine, you and your pet will thrive. Try a new activity, see how your dog responds, and have fun from there by discovering what they enjoy! When you get the mix of structure and stimulation right, your dog won’t just calm down—they’ll be living their best life.